Which of the following are main components of Universal Design for Learning (UDL)?

The choice highlighting engagement, representation, and action and expression encapsulates the three primary principles of Universal Design for Learning (UDL). UDL is an educational framework designed to optimize teaching and learning for all individuals by providing multiple means of engagement, representation, and action and expression.

Engagement refers to the ways in which learners are motivated to participate in their educational experiences. It recognizes that a one-size-fits-all approach is insufficient, as students have diverse interests and needs that affect their willingness to engage with content.

Representation involves how information is presented to learners. This principle emphasizes the need to provide multiple means of conveying information to accommodate various learning styles and preferences, ensuring that all students can access and understand the content.

Action and expression relate to the ways learners demonstrate their knowledge and skills. This principle encourages educators to provide various options for students to express what they know, allowing for flexibility in assessment and fostering a deeper understanding of the material.

In contrast, the other choices focus on more specific elements or practices that do not capture the foundational principles of UDL, which aim to create a flexible and inclusive learning environment for all students.